Abbasov V.
Baku State Univercity, student.
Baku, Republic of Azerbaijan.
Sarmasli V.
Middle East Technical  Univercity, student.
Ankara, Turkey

Abstract
Determining the initial indivisible component for all objects existing in the universe can resolve the contradictions among the branches of modern physics. To resolve these contradictions,it is necessary either to study certain particles formed from symbols in multi-dimensional space or to consider them as new manifestations of matter. The completion of theory M can eliminate all contradictions.

 Keywords: elementary particles, String theory, Super String theory, multidimensional space, M theory.

Kulikov V.
Doctor of Phys.- Math. Sciences. Professor
Tomsk Agricultural Institute – a Branch of the Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Tomsk, Russia

Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative interpretation of the laws governing the formation of the anodic channel of electrical breakdown in various materials was made within the framework of the mechanism of generation of free electrons through interatomic Auger transitions in the valence band of the dielectric.

Keywords: electrical breakdown in dielectrics, impulse breakdown

Hajiyeva B.
Nakhchivan State University
Doctor of philosophy in physics, associate professor
Abdullayeva A.
Master

Abstract
Modern studies have shown that new approaches are needed to solve the problem of forming life skills in students . In the teaching of physics lessons, we give a lot of space to these new methods. The process of computerization of the teaching of the school physics course was greatly replicated, based on the interactive form of training. The use of computers in the process of teaching physics has completely changed the old traditional teaching methodology. It should also be noted that, unlike traditional lessons, lessons conducted with interactive methods and computer technology are more interesting and profitable for students

Sultanova A.
Doctor of Philosophy in Physics,
associate professor
Nakhchivan State University

Abstract
In recent years, the deeper study of the electrical properties of bodies by modern physical methods has created new correct ideas about the distribution, release and movement of electrons in solid and liquid bodies. The ability to control the concentration, lifetime, mobility, and motion of free electrons (as well as holes) in a group of solids has made it possible to appropriately change the electrical properties of those bodies as required by technology. This raises electrical engineering to a new stage of development.It is enough to note that semiconductors can be called the armory of modern electrical engineering, as well as their role in the creation of new scientific and technical fields. By means of semiconductors, an alternating electric current is rectified, a weak current is amplified, the energy of heat, ordinary and radioactive rays is converted into electricity, nuclear particles are counted, a weak electron stream is multiplied, sound energy is converted into electricity and vice versa, cooling is achieved with electricity, catalysis is carried out in a number of chemical reactions, electricity current and voltage are regulated in the lines, complex processes are automated, ferromagnetic metals are replaced in a number of places, etc.Based on a number of experiments, modern physics confirms that the atom is a complex electrical system consisting of a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons. Electrons move in complex orbits around the nucleusFor semiconductor rectifiers, especially for special selenium rectifiers, the study of thermal conductivity is as important as electrical conductivity. In selenium rectifiers, a small amount of chlorine, bromine or iodine additives are added to the semiconductor in order to reduce the rectification resistance. 

Keywords: selenium, radioactive, electrode, ferromagnet, voltage

Yurov V.
Candidate of Physics and Mathematics Sciences, Associate Professor
KarTU, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
Zhangozin K.
Candidate of Physics and Mathematics Sciences, Associate Professor,
TSK Vostok LLP, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Republic of Kazakhstan

Abstract
In the article, we compare a graphene monolayer with the Peierls–Nabarro barrier, which is equal to the force of interatomic interaction. This barrier is calculated from the formation energy of monovacancies, divacancies and other structural defects and the length of the newly formed carbon bond. It is shown that the Peierls–Nabarro barrier is maximum for a monovacancy and then decreases for complex defects.

 Keywords: graphene, monolayer, monovacancy, divacancy, defect, carbon, barrier, dislocation.

Gasanov N.
phd in physics, associate professor, leading researcher at the Institute of Physics of the Ministry of Science and Education of Azerbaijan
Khallokov F.
phd in physics, Head of the Department of Biophysics and Information Technology in Medicine, Bukhara Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Ismailova P.
phd in physics, associate professor, head of laboratory at the Institute of Physics of the Ministry of Science and Education of Azerbaijan
Umarov S.
doctor of physical sciences, professor of the Department of Biophysics and information technology in medicine, Bukhara Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Hadjiyeva A.
researcher at the Institute of Physics of the Ministry of Science and Education of Azerbaijan
Huseynova K.
phd in physics, teacher of the department “Physics and its Teaching Methodology”, Sumgayit State University, Sumgayit, Azerbaijan

Abstract
The effect of partial substitution of indium atoms by ytterbium atoms (0.5 and 1 mol%) on the band gap of TlInS₂ single crystals irradiated with electrons with an energy of 2 MeV and a fluence of up to 1·10¹⁶ el/cm² has been studied. The band gap from the measured absorption spectra at room temperature was determined using the Tauc method. It was found that electron irradiation leads to a decrease in the band gap in all TlIn_1-xYb_xS₂ crystals studied. In the range of 77–200 K, the temperature dependence of the exciton absorption band in TlInS₂ and TlIn_0.995Yb_0.005S₂ single crystals was studied.

Keywords: semiconductor, rare earth element, exciton, band gap, electron irradiation.

Machavariani M.
Ph.D., Leader Sci. Work. R.Agladze Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Tbilisi State University. Mindeli str. 11, 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia

Marsagishvili T.
Dr.Sci., Ph.D., Head of Scientific Council, Head of Labor., R.Agladze Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Tbilisi State University. Mindeli str. 11, 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia

Abstract

The paper presents theoretical models for two-photon processes occurring in homogeneous condensed systems with polyatomic impurity particles. Theoretical calculations were carried out mainly for resonance processes, which make the main contribution to the two-photon processes of absorption and emission of photons. The calculation of the double differential cross section of the processes was carried out using the apparatus of Green’s functions of polarization operators of a condensed medium.

Analytical expressions for the kinetic parameters of two-photon processes in condensed systems are obtained. Numerical calculations can be carried out for various model systems.

Sobolev V.
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor

Kulivar V.
PhD, associate professor logy
Department of Civil Engineering, Geotechnics and Geomechanics,
Dnipro University of Techno

Abstract
It is shown that the character of the established dependences is significantly affected by the ratio between the laser beam radius r and the mean free path length t,. by the value r/t. The increase of spatial illumination inside the explosive layer explains the phenomenon of low-threshold ignition. In this work, a semi-infinite layer of diffusely scattering medium was investigated. The structure of the scattered radiation inside the layer is determined by the absorption, scattering and scattering indices. These parameters depend on the radiation spectrum as well as on the polarization. Thus, the correct physical interpretation of the phenomenon of low-threshold ignition of explosives and compositions is impossible without taking into account the processes of photon scattering in these materials. Taking into account the established physical effects, a number of light-sensitive explosive composites and methods of simultaneous initiation of large surfaces of composites have been synthesized.

Keywords: Monte-Carlo method, laser pulse, explosive substance, explosive composite, diffusely scattering medium, laser beam, ignition energy

Orujov A.
Baku State University

Abstract
It was determined that the contact electric field of the graphite layer on the charge covered with graphite layer with Ba islands dissociates the CsCl molecule. It was established experimentally that the temperature dependence of the utilization coefficient of Ba atoms in the co-adsorption of CsCl and Ba atoms does not remain constant in the (850-950) K range.

 Keywords: ionization atom and molecul, qrafit, adsorption

Marsagishvili T.
Dr.Sci., Ph.D., Head of Scientific Council, Head of Labor., R.Agladze Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Tbilisi State University. Mindeli str. 11, 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia

Machavariani M.
Ph.D., Leader Sci. Work. R.Agladze Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Tbilisi State University. Mindeli str. 11, 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia

Abstract
The study of charge transfer processes in complex condensed systems occurring under the external electromagnetic influence makes it possible to expand information regarding the properties of the system significantly. One of the most demanded properties of a system is its behavior under the influence of an electromagnetic field of various frequency ranges [1 – 15]. In this regard, the study of electrochemical charge transfer processes and corresponding photoprocesses is the most easily accessible and promising. Naturally, correlations between the parameters of the charge phototransfer process and the parameters of the corresponding thermal processes are necessary.
The work considers charge transfer processes and single-photon charge phototransfer processes in electrochemical systems. Analytical relationships between the characteristic parameters of the processes considered are obtained, in particular in the range of parameters in which direct measurements are not always possible. Theoretical calculations were carried out for the cathodic processes of charge transfer and phototransfer, but the results can easily be generalized for the corresponding anodic processes.

 Keywords: photoelectrochemical processes, electrochemical processes, condensed systems, solvation, spatial dispersion, Green functions.